Ethiopian Wolf

Ethiopian Wolf

Simien jackal, Abyssinian wolf, Simien fox, Ethiopian jackal

Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Order
Suborder
Family
Genus
SPECIES
Canis simensis
Population size
197
Life Span
8-10 years
Top speed
48
30
km/hmph
km/h mph 
Weight
11.2-19.3
24.6-42.5
kglbs
kg lbs 
Height
530-620
20.9-24.4
mminch
mm inch 
Length
841-1012
33.1-39.8
mminch
mm inch 

The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is a canine native to the Ethiopian Highlands. In southeastern Ethiopia, it is also known as the Horse jackal. Unlike most large canids, which are widespread, generalist feeders, the Ethiopian wolf is a highly specialized feeder of Afroalpine rodents with very specific habitat requirements. It is one of the world's rarest canids, and Africa's most endangered carnivore.

Di

Diurnal

Ca

Carnivore

Sc

Scavenger

Te

Terrestrial

Cu

Cursorial

Te

Territorial

Vi

Viviparous

Bu

Burrowing

Mo

Monogamy

Do

Dominance hierarchy

So

Social

No

Not a migrant

E

starts with

Appearance

Ethiopian wolves are slender, long-limbed canids. Their coats are reddish, with white marks on their legs, tail, belly, face, and chin. The border between the white and red fur is quite distinct. On the face are white markings, which include, below the eyes, a characteristic white crescent, and on the cheeks a white spot. The chin and the throat are also white. Their tails are marked with an undefined black stripe along the length, tipped with bushy black hairs. The ears are wide but pointed, and the muzzle, gums, and palate are colored black. Females are usually paler in color and smaller overall. The feet have five toes at the front and four on the back feet.

Video

Distribution

Geography

Continents
Subcontinents
Countries
Biogeographical realms

The Ethiopian wolf inhabits a very narrow range and is found in only half a dozen mountain ranges in Ethiopia, including the Bale and Arssi mountains in southeast Ethiopia (the largest population being in the Bale Mountains National Park) Simien mountains, Gojjam, Mt. Guna and northeast Shoa. It lives in afro-alpine heathlands and grasslands which are most abundant along flat or gently sloping areas with poor drainage and deep soils. Prime wolf habitat in the Bale Mountains consists of short Alchemilla herbs and grasses, with low vegetation cover. Other favorable habitats consist of tussock grasslands, high-altitude scrubs, and short grasslands growing in shallow soils.

Ethiopian Wolf habitat map

Climate zones

Ethiopian Wolf habitat map
Ethiopian Wolf
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Habits and Lifestyle

Although they primarily hunt alone, Ethiopian wolves are social animals, forming packs of usually 6 members, though there may be 3-13. It is diurnal and at night it sleeps in the open, alone, or in groups. The packs are territorial. The wolves gather for greetings and border patrols during dawn, midday, and evening. They forage on their own throughout the day. Packs maintain their territorial boundaries through scent and vocalization. The pack structure is hierarchical, defined clearly by dominant and submissive behavior. Both sexes have a dominance ranking, with shifts occurring occasionally for males but not females. Play-fighting among pups during their first few weeks serves to establish rank for siblings.

Seasonal behavior

Diet and Nutrition

Ethiopian wolves are carnivorous animals and they mainly eat the rodents that are plentiful within their range. They hunt and eat hares, common grass rats, and giant mole rats. They also eat goslings, eggs, and young ungulates and sometimes scavenge on carcasses.

Mating Habits

MATING BEHAVIOR
REPRODUCTION SEASON
August-November
PREGNANCY DURATION
60-62 days
BABY CARRYING
2-6 pups
INDEPENDENT AGE
3-6 months
FEMALE NAME
bitch
MALE NAME
dog
BABY NAME
pup, whelp

Ethiopian wolves are monogamous, which means that one male mates with one female exclusively. Mating takes place between August and November. The pack’s dominant female is the only one that will breed, and she gives birth only once a year. After a gestation period of approximately 60-62 days, she gives birth to 2-6 pups. Pups are born in a den, which their mother digs in open ground under a boulder or in a rocky crevice. The development of pups occurs in three stages. Weeks 1-4 are when the pups are totally dependent on their mother’s milk. Weeks 5-10 is when the pups' diet is supplemented by food regurgitated by all pack members. From week 10 until about the age of 6 months, the pups consume solid food almost solely, provided by the adults of the pack. Pups are ready to breed during their second year of life.

Population

Population threats

Ethiopian wolves are among the most endangered canine species. They are threatened by the destruction of their habitat by humans for farmland, roads, and livestock grazing. This forces them into closer contact with humans, bringing another threat, as these wolves can catch rabies and also sometimes canine distemper from domestic dogs.

Population number

According to the IUCN Red List, the total Ethiopian wolf population size is around 366 individuals; 197 of which are mature individuals. Currently, this species is classified as Endangered (EN), and its numbers today are decreasing.

Ecological niche

Ethiopian wolves are key predators in the ecosystems they inhabit, controlling the populations of prey items they consume.

Fun Facts for Kids

  • Locally the Ethiopian wolf is called ‘ky kebero’, meaning red jackal.
  • The Ethiopian wolf can produce a series of vocalizations. Alarm calls at the scent or sight of dogs, men, or unfamiliar wolves start with a "huff", followed by a number of barks and yelps. Greeting calls combine growls of threat with whines of submission at a high frequency, and "group yip-howls" are made at the reunion of pack members.
  • The Ethiopian wolf is currently the only wolf living in Africa.
  • Ethiopian wolves never sleep in dens, using them only to nurse their pups.
  • Wolves can hear twenty times better than humans.
  • Wolves love playing, starting with a bow and sometimes tossing "toys" like branches, bones, or animal skins amongst themselves.

Coloring Pages

References

1. Ethiopian Wolf Wikipedia article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf

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