Great Cormorant
Cormorant, White-breasted cormorant, Great black cormorant, Black cormorant (Australia), Large cormorant (India), Black shag (New Zealand)
The Great cormorant is widespread throughout the world, a beautiful bird with an almost primitive appearance, its long neck giving it an almost reptilian look. It is often seen in a pose holding its wings out to dry. This bird is a supreme fisher, and this ability may be used in the Far East to man’s advantage, or considered as competition in several other countries where these cormorants are persecuted.
Photos with Great Cormorant
Distribution
Great cormorants occur throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and northeastern coastal North America. They frequent open marine environments and inland waters. They inhabit sandy or rocky sheltered coasts and estuaries and are rarely seen any distance from the coast. This species breeds on cliffs and inshore islands, among boulders and man-made structures. Birds which nest inland will breed on trees, in bushes, and reedbeds and even on bare ground.
Geography
Biome
Climate zones
Habits and Lifestyle
Great cormorants are active during the day and are social birds, usually leaving roosts to forage early in the morning and returning within an hour. Little time each day is spent foraging, although parents with young tend to forage for longer. Much of the day is spent resting and preening near foraging areas or at roosts. Great cormorants generally are not aggressive towards one another, apart from at nest sites, where they exhibit territorial behavior. There may be dominance hierarchies. Outside of the breeding season, these birds gather in mixed-age, mixed-sex groups. During the breeding season, individuals who are non-breeding may be present near nesting colonies. These cormorants may be both resident and migratory. Throughout the year in some areas, large groups remain within the breeding range. It is unclear whether movements are migratory are seasonal dispersals outside of the breeding area.
Diet and Nutrition
Great cormorants are carnivores (piscivores), they mainly eat numerous kinds of fish, and when fishing in freshwater, will also eat crustaceans, amphibians and insects.
Mating Habits
Great cormorants are monogamous, with pairs sometimes reuniting in subsequent years, 11% of pairs staying together for several years during one study. The male chooses the nest site, displaying to attract the female by waving his wings up and down and flashing his white rump patch. He will also swing his head from side to side, while holding his tail erect and calling loudly. The female responds by swinging her head slightly and “purring”. This species breeds at any time, depending on food resources. Breeding takes place in colonies of as many as 2,000 pairs, although colonies of a smaller size are typical. Colonies are often located close to other species, like darters, herons, and spoonbills. The parents build their nest with reeds, sticks and seaweeds on a cliff, in a tree or in a bush, according to the region. Often a nest is reused. 2 to 6 eggs are laid, with an average of 3-4. The parents share the incubation for 27 to 31 days. The altricial chicks hatch at intervals and fledge at about 50 days old. They remain with their parents 50 or so more days, relying on them for food. The young start to breed between 2 and 4 years old, typically when 3 years old.
Population
Population threats
Great cormorants have large populations and are widespread, although surveys are not complete across their range. Being an important fish competitor, in the past they were almost extinct in Europe. However, in recent years increases have been observed, thanks to intensive protection. But in some countries, expanding conflicts with fish farms and fisheries lead to new persecution. Another threat is that hatchlings may be eaten by raptors before fledging.
Population number
The IUCN Red List reports that the global population of Great cormorants is about 1,400,000-2,100,000, while national population estimates are: more than 1,000 wintering birds in China; in Korea, 100-10,000 breeding pairs plus more than 1,000 wintering birds; 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs in Japan, with more than 10,000 wintering birds and about 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs in Russia, with 1,000-10,000 birds on migration. Overall, currently Great cormorants are classified as Least Concern (LC) and their numbers today are increasing.
Fun Facts for Kids
- ‘Cormorant’ comes from the Latin 'corvus marinus', meaning 'sea crow'.
- Great cormorants have been seen swallowing small pebbles for extra weight in order to dive more easily, which they regurgitate after feeding.
- On land Great cormorants are clumsy but they are fast and agile when swimming. An individual will rest on its tarsals with its neck in a relaxed kink in an S shape.
- Due to their wettable feathers, Great cormorants spend much time drying and preening, sometimes preening for as many as 30 minutes. They must dry their feathers in a particular pose, their wings spread out, while perched on a branch, which may also help digestion.
- These birds incubate their eggs with their large webbed feet. The eggs are placed on top of their feet, where they are warmed between their feet and their body.
- These birds eat 400 to 700 grams per day of fish.
- Great cormorants are often regarded as competitors by fishermen, though are sometimes used to catch fish, wearing a neck collar to stop them swallowing the fish and send off from a boat to fish.