Endemic Animals of Sumatera

The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three species of orangutans. Critically Endangered, and found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also found in Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, "orang " ("people" or "person") and "hutan " ("forest"), derived from Malay, and translates as ...
'person of the forest'. Less

The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus ) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. In 2011, IUCN upgraded the conservation status of the Sumatran elephant from endangered to critically endangered in its Red List as the population had declined by at least 80% during the past three generations, estimated to be about 75 years. The subspecies is preeminently threatened by ...
habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, and poaching; over 69% of potential elephant habitat has been lost within the last 25 years. Much of the remaining forest cover is in blocks smaller than 250 km2 (97 sq mi), which are too small to contain viable elephant populations. Less

The Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is a species of orangutan found in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is one of three known species of orangutan, alongside the Sumatran orangutan, found farther northwest on the island, and the Bornean orangutan. The Tapanuli orangutan was described as a distinct species in 2017 and currently, it is on the critically endangered species list. Less

The Sumatran short-tailed python (Python curtus ) is a species of the family Pythonidae, a nonvenomous snake native to Sumatra. Less

The Sumatran tiger is a population of Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. This is the only surviving tiger population in the Sunda Islands, where the Bali and Javan tigers are extinct. Sequences from complete mitochondrial genes of 34 tigers support the hypothesis that Sumatran tigers are diagnostically distinct from mainland subspecies. Less

The Sumatran striped rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri ), also known as the Sumatra short-eared rabbit or Sumatran rabbit, is a rabbit found only in forests in the Barisan Mountains in western Sumatra, Indonesia, and surrounding areas. It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

The Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis ), also known as the southern serow, is a subspecies of the mainland serow native to mountain forests in the Thai-Malay Peninsula and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It was previously considered its own species, but is now grouped under the mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis ), as all the mainland species of serow (Chinese, red and Himalayan) were previously considered ...
subspecies of this species. The Sumatran serow is threatened due to habitat loss and hunting, leading to it being evaluated as vulnerable by the IUCN. Less

The pig-tailed langur (Simias concolor ), monotypic in genus Simias, is a large Old World monkey, endemic to several small islands off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Its face is black, its fur is blackish-brown and it has a relatively short tail. It is a diurnal species, feeding in small groups in the rainforest canopy on leaves, and to a lesser extent, fruit and berries. Little is known of its natural history, but it is heavily hunted, its ...
populations have been declining rapidly and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "critically endangered". It has been included on a list of the World's 25 Most Endangered Primates. Less

The Sumatran ground cuckoo (Carpococcyx viridis ) is a large, terrestrial species of cuckoo. It was introduced to Western science in 1879 and was formerly considered conspecific with the Bornean ground cuckoo but was given status as a unique species in 2000. This elusive species was initially known from just eight specimens and evaded notice from 1916 until 1997, when it was rediscovered and photographed by Andjar Rafiastanto. The Sumatran ...
ground cuckoo's diet is thought to consist of invertebrates, small mammals, and reptiles. Less

The Enggano hill myna or Enggano myna (Gracula enganensis ) is a member of the starling family. It is an endemic resident of Enggano Island, off southwest Sumatra. Less

The blue-masked leafbird (Chloropsis venusta ) is a species of bird in the family Chloropseidae. It is endemic to humid montane forest in the western regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Generally, it lives in areas from 600 to 1,500 m (1,969–4,921 ft) in elevation. It is the smallest species of leafbird.It is considered near threatened due to habitat loss. Less

Hoogerwerf's pheasant (Lophura inornata hoogerwerfi ), also known as the Aceh pheasant or Sumatran pheasant is a medium-sized, up to 55 centimetres (22 in) long, bird of the family Phasianidae. The name commemorates the Dutch ornithologist and taxidermist Andries Hoogerwerf. Less

The Sumatran laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor ), also known as the black-and-white laughingthrush, is a member of the family Leiothrichidae. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the white-crested laughingthrush (G. leucolophus ), but unlike that species the plumage of the Sumatran laughingthrush is blackish-brown and white. It is endemic to highland forest on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, where it is threatened by habitat loss and ...
capture for the domestic wildlife trade. Despite being protected in Indonesia, illegal trade continues, often carried out openly in bird markets on Sumatra and Java. As there appears to be an increase in international demand for this species, there have been calls for better international protection through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Less

Rück's blue flycatcher (Cyornis ruckii ) is a passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is known from only four specimens and is endemic to a small area in northeast Sumatra, Indonesia, inhabiting primary lowland forest. Although all specimens share common characteristics, such as a black bill, brown iris, and black feet, two of the collected specimens show some physical discrepancy with the other two. They were ...
initially described as Cyornis vanheysti before being accepted as specimens of C. ruckii. Rück's blue flycatcher has also been compared to other species of Cyornis.The species is listed as "Critically Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as it has not been recorded since 1918. It has been protected by Indonesian law since 1972. It also might have been affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Less

The Sunda owlet (Taenioptynx sylvaticus ) is a small owl from Borneo and Sumatra.This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of the collared owlet (Taenioptynx brodiei ). It was promoted to a separate species based largely on the basis of a difference in vocalisation. Less

The Simeulue scops owl (Otus umbra ) is an owl species endemic to the island of Simeulue, Indonesia. Less

The Mentawai scops owl (Otus mentawi ) is endemic to larger islands of Mentawai, off west Sumatra, Indonesia. Less

The graceful pitta (Erythropitta venusta ), sometimes alternatively known as the black-crowned pitta (although another species is more regularly called black-crowned pitta (Erythropitta ussheri ), is a species of bird in the family Pittidae which occurs in Sumatra, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

The Enggano scops owl (Otus enganensis ) is an owl endemic to Enggano Island, Indonesia. Less

Schneider's pitta (Hydrornis schneideri ) is a species of bird in the family Pittidae. It is endemic to Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was rediscovered in 1988 after last being seen in 1918. Less

The Sumatran frogmouth (Batrachostomus poliolophus ), also known as the short-tailed frogmouth and the pale-faced frogmouth, is a nocturnal bird belonging to the family Podargidae. It is endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Less

The Sumatran cochoa (Cochoa beccarii ) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It is endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

The Sumatran drongo (Dicrurus sumatranus ) is a passerine bird in the family Dicruridae. It was formerly considered conspecific with the hair-crested drongo. It is endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

The Enggano thrush (Geokichla leucolaema ) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It is endemic to rainforests on Enggano Island off Sumatra in Indonesia. It has traditionally been considered a subspecies of the chestnut-capped thrush.It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

The brown-winged whistling thrush (Myophonus castaneus ), also known as the Sumatran whistling thrush or chestnut-winged whistling thrush, is a passerine bird belonging to the whistling thrush genus Myophonus in the family Muscicapidae. It is endemic to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. In the past, it has often been lumped together with the Javan whistling thrush (M. glaucinus ) and Bornean whistling thrush (M. borneensis ) as the "Sunda ...
whistling thrush" (M. glaucinus ) but it is now often regarded as a separate species based on differences in plumage and measurements.It is about 25 centimetres long. The black bill has an average depth of 7.3 millimetres, slenderer than the bills of the Bornean and Javan whistling thrushes. The legs and feet are dark brown. The adult male has a dark blue head, breast and shoulders with the rest of the plumage being chestnut. The adult female and immature are mostly dull chestnut-brown with a blue patch on the shoulder. The Bornean and Javan whistling thrushes lack any chestnut coloration.It has a loud whistling call and a harsh grating call.It occurs in montane forest from 400 to 1500 metres above sea-level. It is usually found near streams and typically keeps to the middle and subcanopy layers of the forest. It is a scarce bird and is believed to be declining as a result of deforestation. Less

The Sumatra toad, Duttaphrynus sumatranus, is a species of toad endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, and only known from Lubuk Selasi. It has been found along a small, clear stream in secondary forest. It is locally common but listed as a critically endangered species due to a restricted range and continuing habitat loss (conversion of habitat into rice paddies, causing siltation of streams). Less

Ichthyophis sumatranus, also known as the Sumatra caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia. It is known from western Sumatra, but many records lack precise location data and its exact range is poorly known. Less

Ichthyophis elongatus, the elongated caecilian, is a species of amphibians in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Sumatra, including some nearby islands; however, whether these belong to this species is uncertain.Specimens allocated to this species with certainty have been collected from lowland forest and from a ravine near degraded forest.The type series varied 280–300 mm (11–12 in) in total length. It is relatively slim, with body width of 7.8–8 ...
 mm (0.31–0.31 in). Less

Ichthyophis billitonensis, the Billiton Island caecilian, is a species of amphibians in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to the Belitung island, Indonesia. Known only from the holotype, this appears to be a small species, measuring 135 mm (5.3 in) in total length. Habitat requirements are unknown but it probably inhabits moist lowland forests. It may be threatened by habitat loss caused by opencast tin mining. Less

Ansonia glandulosa is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is only known from its type locality, Napal Licin in the Musi Rawas Regency. The holotype, the only known representative of this species, was found close to a small stream in lowland tropical rainforest; the locality is influenced by regular flooding during the rainy season. Less

Megophrys parallela is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Sumatra and known from a number of localities on mountains along the island's western coast where it is expected to have a wide distribution. Less

Ingerophrynus claviger is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Indonesia where it is found on Sumatra and Nias island.It is found in lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

Rhacophorus catamitus is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, and occurs in the Barisan Mountains at elevations of 1,068–1,680 m (3,504–5,512 ft) above sea level. Its natural habitats are tropical forests. Males call from low vegetation near streams. It is probably impacted by habitat loss. Less

Rhacophorus barisani is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss. Less

Zhangixalus achantharrhena is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Sumatra (Indonesia) and known from a number of high-elevation localities ranging from Aceh in the northwest to Lampung in the southeast. The specific name achantharrhena, from the Greek nouns akantha (=thorn or prickle) and arrhen (=male), refers to a characteristic of males of this species: skin covered by tiny spicules. Less

Craspedocephalus brongersmai, also known commonly as Brongersma's pit viper, is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. The species is native to islands off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid. Less

Trimeresurus popeiorum barati, commonly known as the Barat bamboo pitviper, is a venomous pitviper subspecies endemic to Indonesia. Less

Etheridgeum is a genus of snake in the family Colubridae. The genus is monotypic, containing the sole species Etheridgeum pulchrum, which is commonly known as the Sumatra Etheridge snake. Less

The spatula-toothed snake (Iguanognathus werneri) is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Indonesia. Less

Calamaria alidae, commonly known as the Bengkulu reed snake, is a species of snakes in the family Colubridae. Less

Lophocalotes ludekingi, called commonly the crested lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia. Less

Calamaria ulmeri, commonly known as Ulmer's reed snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Sumatra. Less