European fallow deer, Common fallow deer
Fallow deer (Dama dama) are amongst the prettiest deer to be seen in Europe. They are historically native to Turkey and possibly the Italian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, and the island of Rhodes in Europe. Prehistorically native to and introduced into a larger portion of Europe, these deer have also been introduced to other regions in the world.
Prized for many years as an ornamental species, the Fallow deer has a range of coat colors, from red, black, and brown to pure white. Adults have the same appearance as fawns, with white spots covering their dark chestnut coats. The males have impressive beautiful, flattened antlers. Fallow deer have powerful legs, despite them being quite short, and so are extremely fast. The shortness of their legs makes for a very interesting body design overall.
Originally a Eurasian deer species, the Fallow deer is found widely distributed over Europe and a vast part of the southeast in western Asia. In addition, there are introduced fallow deer populations in Argentina, Chile, the United States, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. Fallow deer live in a range of climates from cool to humid, to warm and dry areas. They prefer a combination of different vegetation types, especially old broad-leaf deciduous forests, with grassy areas here and there, but also occur in mixed forests, subalpine vegetation, broad-leaf forests, grasslands, woodlands, scrublands, low mountains, and savanna.
Fallow deer are a social species, roaming in groups, which are usually divided into two - females with fawns in one group, and males in another group. Males and females only come together during the breeding season. Throughout the year they may mix freely and socialize in groups in open areas. These deer are mainly active nocturnally, with peak activity periods at dusk and dawn. They tend to lead a shy, withdrawn life in the forests. Deer are generally more alert when in open areas and smaller groups, with the females being usually more alert than the males, especially when their fawns are present.
Fallow deer are herbivores (graminivores, folivores) eating a variety of vegetation, mostly grasses, browse, and mast. Other items may be herbs, dwarf shrubs, buds, leaves, shoots, and bark.
Fallow deer are polygynous, where an adult male mates with many females in one mating season. Males fight violently and often during the mating season, though injuries are rare. Mating takes place from September to January. Females usually bear a single fawn, following a gestation period that lasts 33 to 35 weeks. Mothers do not rejoin the herd straight after birth. They hide their fawn in dense vegetation and return during the day only to nurse it (every 4 hours during the first 4 months). The mother begins weaning when her fawn is about 20 days old, continuing until it is about 7 months old. When the fawn is 3 to 4 weeks old, the mother and fawn again join a herd of mothers and their young. After about one year, the fawns are independent. Males are reproductively mature at 17 months old and females at about 16 months old.
Fallow deer have experienced numerous threats such as intensive hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, wildfires, natural predation, and competition with livestock.
The IUCN Red List and other sources do not provide the Fallow deer total population size, but there are estimates for this species in these areas: Rhodes - 400-500 individuals, Turkey - 30 individuals, Iran - 317 individuals, Israel - 250 individuals, UK - 100,000 individuals (according to the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust resource). Currently, Fallow deer are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List.
Fallow deer affect the plant communities in their habitat through browsing.
