Gaoligong pika
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Genus
SPECIES
Ochotona gaoligongensis

The Gaoligong pika (Ochotona gaoligongensis ) is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is endemic to China. Many of the general physical characteristics of the pika species, are shared by Gaoligong pikas. However, the Gaoligong pika is specifically characterized by unique physical characteristics, including a red-brown colored crown around the neck and black behind the ears. They can produce one litter per year and can live up to three years. Their behavior is currently undetermined due to limited information available about the species. This is due to the inaccessibility of their habitat.

Appearance

The Gaoligong pika shares a range of general physical characteristics as those of the family Ochotonidae. Some of the general characteristics include the physical attribution of their small body. Among the many diverse groups of pikas, the Gaoligong pika has an egg-shaped body relatively small in size, which can range from 70 to 300 g (2.5 to 10.6 oz) in weight. They have prominent ears at the top of the head and share a common characteristic of no visible tail. One of the primary physical characteristics of the Gaoligong pika group is the display of a red-brown color crown around the neck and head of the pika, as well as a black shade of color in the back of the ears. Often the size of head-body length in pikas reaches an average of 285 mm (6- 10 inches in length), with ears around greater than 40 mm. Additionally, the Gaoligong pika has a palatal-incisive foramen that is violin-shaped. Other physical characteristics include:

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  • Two upper premolars
  • Large bullae
  • Lack of vacuities at the anterior end of frontal bones
  • Fattened skull profile
  • Broad condylar process of the mandible

Most often the physical characteristics of the Pika species are compared to the family Leporidae, which includes rabbits and hares. The comparisons of the family Ochotonidae with those of the family Leporidae are due to the very similar physical characteristics shared by Pikas, rabbits and hares. However, there is a distinction between each, including size of the body and skeletal structure of each family, as well as distinctive characteristics in the length of the ears. A skeletal distinction can be seen in the Gaoligong Pika which lacks a supraorbital process in the skull skeletal feature and have a long and broad posterior nasal bone.

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Distribution

Geography

China is home to the Ochotona gaoligongensis, Gaoligong Pika, where it lives in a meadow-like habitat. Its locality includes, Gaoligong Mountains, located northwest of the Yunnan Province, China, where their name derives. Pikas primarily live in habitats which consist of leaves and grass. They are usually found in mountain terrains at high altitudes and in talus slopes and rock boulders. The Gaoligong Pika can be found at an elevation of about 2,950 m (9,680 ft) in the rocky and talus habitat of Mount Gaoligong. Primarily, due to this type of habitat of the Gaoligong pikas, there is a limited amount of information about their group. Within the family Ochotonidae however, there is a total of 24 species of pikas found also in China, generally in steppe and alpine environments. However, Ochotonids were once also found in a range of other locations, such as Asia, Europe, North America and northern Africa. The locations of Ochotonids have changed over the course of time and are now found primarily in Asia and North America.

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It is a rarely found, one of the six pika species endemic to central China, with no true population studies.

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Gaoligong pika habitat map
Gaoligong pika habitat map
Gaoligong pika

Habits and Lifestyle

Currently the behavior of Gaoligong pikas is unknown, however it has been compared to the Ochotona forresti, Forrest's pika. The absences of information known about Gaoligong Pikas may be due to the range of access their habitat has to offer. The behavior of the Gaoligong Pika shares similar general behavioral traits of the pika family, including characteristics from the Asian meadow-dwelling Pika species. The meadow-dwelling species of pikas displays more social behavior amongst members of the same species group and their families. Unlike the Asian meadow-dwelling species, some pikas, such as the northern American pika, are typically very defensive in regards to their habitat and communicate through vocal projections in a whistle-like manner. They are often found in a solitary state, except during mating periods. Because of the importance of keeping their habitat defended against other Pikas and predators, when one species of Pika encounters another or the same, it often leads to aggressive interactions. There is great diversity between the behaviors of some groups of Pikas than others. Each group of pikas ultimately behaves depending on the location and environmental factors that play into role in the geographical habitat they are located at. Generally Pikas are most active during the morning and late afternoon. They follow a diurnal pattern within their system, which makes them more energy efficient during some periods of the day. Additionally, Pikas do not hibernate during the winter, making them highly dependent on environmental and habitat factors. During the winter time, Pikas must use tunnels as means of targeting food during those periods of the seasons. Pikas store sun-dried summer harvest plants within the tunnels. This brings the mortality rate of the pika species higher than other animal species that do not hibernate during the winter season, due to the dependence of habitat and environmental factors for the supply of food.

Mating Habits

There is no information in regards to the reproduction phase of the Gaoligong Pika group, due to the accessibility of their habitat, in order to be observed and studied further. However, it is considered to presumably follow similar reproductive characteristics of the family Ochotonidae. The family Ochotonidae has a gestation period of about 25–30 days. Female Pikas give birth after a month of gestation and stay with their young for the first month of their life. Pikas can carry from two to three litters of leverets every year, however because of their dependence on environmental factors and survival, especially during the winter, the survival of more than one litter is not probable. During the beginning of the spring season Pikas begin mating, once the winter season is over, marked by the melting of the snow. Pikas can begin mating at the age of one year and can live up to 3–4 years. However, Pikas do not spend much of their life mating, as mating does not occur till the spring season of each year. When Leverets are born they appear to have a minimal amount of fur and a full set of teeth. They remain with their eyes close up until the 9th day after their birth.

Population

Conservation

Information available about the Gaoligong pika group is restrictive and has therefore not been assigned to a threat category under The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Currently the family Ochotonidae has been labeled as critically endangered. Factors that have contributed to the endangerment of pikas include: climate change, loss of habitat, as well as, on several occasions, poisoning. Because of the climate change, especially during warming summers, the mortality rate of Ochotonids has drastically increased over the years. The conservation status of the Gaoligong pika is yet to be determined, however based on information obtained about the overall pika species, the Gaoligong pika may be one of the many pika groups that are critically endangered.

References

1. Gaoligong pika Wikipedia article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaoligong_pika

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