Hunter's hartebeest, Hunter's antelope
The hirola is a critically endangered antelope that is found in a small area in Africa. It is medium-sized, tan to rufous-tawny in color with slightly lighter underparts, predominantly white inner ears, and a white tail that extends down to the hocks. It has very sharp, lyrate horns which lack a basal pedicle and are ridged along three-quarters of its length. With age, its coat darkens towards a slate grey, and the number of ridges along its horns increases. These antelope have large, dark sub-orbital glands used for marking their territories and give them the name "four-eyed antelope". They have white spectacles around their eyes and an inverted white chevron running between the eyes. The horns, hooves, udders, nostrils, lips, and ear tips are black. Males and females look similar although males are slightly larger with thicker horns and darker coats.
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CrepuscularCrepuscular animals are those that are active primarily during twilight (that is, the periods of dawn and dusk). This is distinguished from diurnal...
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HerbivoreA herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example, foliage, for the main component of its die...
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FolivoreIn zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less ...
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GraminivoreIn zoology, a graminivore (not to be confused with a granivore) is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on grass. Graminivory is a form of g...
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TerrestrialTerrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g., cats, ants, snails), as compared with aquatic animals, which liv...
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CursorialA cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run. An animal can be considered cursorial if it has the ability to run fast (e.g. chee...
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PrecocialPrecocial species are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. Precocial species are normall...
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GrazingGrazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. In agriculture...
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BrowsingBrowsing is a type of herbivory in which an herbivore (or, more narrowly defined, a folivore) feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high-growi...
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NomadicNomadic animals regularly move to and from the same areas within a well-defined range. Most animals travel in groups in search of better territorie...
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TerritorialA territory is a sociographical area that which an animal consistently defends against the conspecific competition (or, occasionally, against anima...
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ViviparousAmong animals, viviparity is the development of the embryo inside the body of the parent. The term 'viviparity' and its adjective form 'viviparous'...
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PolygynyPolygyny is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females but each female only mates with a single male.
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HerdingA herd is a social grouping of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic. The form of collective animal behavior associated with...
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Dominance hierarchyA dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social gr...
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Not a migrantAnimals that do not make seasonal movements and stay in their native home ranges all year round are called not migrants or residents.
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starts withHirola are critically endangered antelopes that are found in eastern Africa. They are tan to rufous-tawny in color with slightly lighter underparts, predominantly white inner ears, and a white tail. These antelopes have very sharp horns which are ridged along three-quarters of their length. As hirola age, their coat darkens becoming slate grey and the number of ridges along their horns increases. Hirola have large, dark sub-orbital glands used for marking their territories and give them the name "four-eyed antelope". They have white spectacles around their eyes and an inverted white chevron running between the eyes. The horns, hooves, udders, nostrils, lips and ear tips are black. Males and females look similar although males are slightly larger with thicker horns and darker coats.
Hirola are found on the border between Kenya and Somalia. They inhabit seasonally flooded open grassland with light bushes, wooded savannas with low shrubs, and scattered trees, most often on sandy soils.
Hirola are crepuscular creatures and feed mostly around sunrise and then again right after sunset. They are social and most of the time live in small groups of 15-40 individuals; these groups consist of females and their offspring, and a dominant male. Depending on the time of year these small groups may form herds of several hundred individuals. Males that do not have a harem often form bachelor groups of up to 5 individuals and when juveniles reach 1 year of age they form their own separate groups. Adult males are territorial; their territories are marked with dung, secretions from the sub-orbital glands, and stamping grounds where males scrape the soil with their hooves and slash the vegetation with their horns. When males defend their harem or their territory they drop to their knees in a serious fight with the opponent and sometimes such fights become very fierce. Hirola are often found in association with other species such as oryx, Grant's gazelles, Burchell's zebras, and topi; they avoid Coke's hartebeests, buffalo, and elephants.
Hirola are herbivorous (graminivorous, folivorous) animals. They are specialized grazers but browsing may be important in the dry season. They favor grasses with a high leaf-to-stem ratio and can stay for long periods without drinking water.
Hirola have a polygynous mating system where males compete with each other for females and have small harems. These antelopes are seasonal breeders and usually breed in March-April. The gestation period lasts around 7.5 months after which a single calf is born in September-November. Females give birth alone and may remain separate from the herd for up to two months, which makes both the female and the calf vulnerable to predation. Females nurse and care for their calves, Newborn calves are born fully developed and can stand and run soon after birth. When calves are 1 year old they separate from the main nursery herd and form another herd with other juveniles. Females become reproductively mature when they are 2-3 years old; males do not mate until they are able to successfully compete with other males, which is usually between 3 and 4 years of age.
Disease (particularly rinderpest), poaching, severe drought, predation, competition for food and water from domestic livestock, and habitat loss are the main threats to these antelopes. Hirola prefer areas that are used by livestock which puts them at increased risk of diseases like tuberculosis. Due to the lack of protection, they are also still very vulnerable to poaching. Hirola are also threatened by predation and competition with other wild herbivores such as topi and Coke's hartebeest.
According to the IUCN Red List, the total population size of hirola is fewer than 250 mature individuals. There is also an introduced population of this species in Tsavo East National Park (Kenya) which contains around 76 individuals. Currently, hirola are classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List and their numbers today are decreasing.
Social animals are those animals that interact highly with other animals, usually of their own species (conspecifics), to the point of having a rec...