The eastern bristlebird is very territorial and will often use a distinct, loud melodic song to mark its territory.
Surveys have found the bird prefers to live in small, localised populations, and prefer to build their nests on the ground in areas of dense, clumped grasses.
An isolated colony was found in the Conondale Range in southeastern Queensland in the 1980s.
In late 2021, it was estimated that there were only about 2,500 of the species are left in the wild, existing in isolated populations in eastern New South Wales and southern Queensland. There are four separate populations: one in northern NSW and into southern Queensland, including the Border Ranges National Park (around 40 birds); one in the Southern Highlands; one in the Jervis Bay area; and one southern population around the NSW border with Victoria, which includes Nadgee Nature Reserve and Croajingolong National Park.
Eastern bristlebirds are listed as endangered on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
Because of the small, isolated nature of the populations of eastern bristlebird, it suffers from a lack of genetic diversity, which can lead to extinction. In an effort to counteract this, a technique known as "genetic rescue" is being used in New South Wales as of 2021, under the Saving our Species program. The program involves selecting individuals that have been breeding successfully from the larger populations of birds, and putting them into the smaller ones.
Along with the genetic rescue program, a captive breeding program is under way at the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary in Queensland. By breeding the birds selectively, the conservationists aim to improve resistance to disease, increase genetic diversity and raise the fertility rate, especially in the smallest population in northern NSW.
Several organisations are involved in the program besides Currimbin: Cesar Australia, the Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), the University of Queensland, Parks Australia and the Australian Department of Defence.
