Slingjaw wrasse
The slingjaw wrasse (Epibulus insidiator) is a species of wrasse from the family Labridae which is native to the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific where it occurs around coral reefs. This species is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and can be found in the aquarium trade. Relatively mundane at first glance, this fish is notable for its highly protrusible jaws.
The sling-jaw wrasse's specific name, insidiator, means "ambusher" or "lurker." This name is thought to have been used among early naturalists because this species was believed to feed on terrestrial insects by spitting drops of water from its elongated mouth.
The sling-jaw wrasse's most notable feature is that the mouth of this species is armed with highly protrusible jaws which unfold into a tube which is easily half its head length (see below). The males of this species are greyish-brown with orange on the back, a yellowish transverse bar on the flank and a pale grey head which is marked with a thin black stripe running through the eye. The scales of the male's body are edged with darker pigment. The females can be either bright yellow or dark brown while the juveniles are brown with thin white bars on their flanks and white lines radiating out from their eyes. Intermediately patterned individuals which have yellow blotches, a pale tail and sometimes with black pectoral fins do occur. The dorsal fin has 9–10 spines and 9–11 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8–9 soft rays. The largest specimens may attain a standard length of 54 centimetres (21 in).
The similar latent sling-jaw wrasse (Epibulus brevis) has a more restricted distribution and is smaller, with duller coloured males, the females have black pigment on their pectoral fins and has longer pectoral fins.
The slingjaw wrasse is found in a wide area of the Indo-Pacific region from the eastern coast of Africa, Madagascar and the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean coasts and islands into the Pacific as far east as Johnston Atoll in Hawaii, although vagrants occur in the main Hawaiian chain. It reaches north to Japan and south to New Caledonia. It is found along the northern coasts of Australia from the Houtman Abrolhos archipelago to reefs in the Coral Sea off Queensland.
The slingjaw wrasse is a benthopelagic species which occurs in coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs, adults are normally found along reef slopes or near drop-offs. They feed on small crustaceans living in the coral and on fishes. It is thought likely that this species is a protogynous hermaphrodite. The colour of the males was observed to become more intense during courtship. Courting males swam with their caudal fin collapsed and held upwards at an angle while the anal fin was folded and stretched downwards. The intensity of the male's colour can return to normal when they feel threatened. Males hold a territory with an area of 500–1,000 square metres (5,400–10,800 sq ft) and a number of females appear to have their home ranges within his territory. Spawning took place around high tide. When spawning the pair were observed to ascend 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft). Spawning seems to be initiated by the females and has been recorded in March, April, May, July, September and October. Another colour change occurs when the wrasse's territory is invaded by an aggregation of grazing Indian sailfin tangs (Zebrasoma desjardinii), the wrasse changes colour to mimic the tangs and swims to join the aggregation, hiding amongst the tangs to hunt using similar movements to the grazing tangs. A sling-jaw wrasse mimicking the tangs is difficult to tell apart from the herbivores.
