The sand lizard (Lacerta agilis ) is a lacertid lizard distributed across most of Europe from France and across the continent to Lake Baikal in Russia. It does not occur in European Turkey. Its distribution is often patchy. In the sand lizard's northern populations, such as in Great Britain, it is only able to survive along coastal heathlands where the sand is hot enough to incubate their eggs.
Males are known for their bright colorations and aggressive behaviors when competing for females. Their mating process is unique because of its relatively short time period and because males are generally more selective with who they mate with than females. Females typically only lay a single clutch in a year.
Sand lizards spend most of their time basking, foraging, or under vegetation and prefer to live in diverse habitats. Males have their own home territories that are very wide and often overlap with other males. These males compete with each other while females have smaller home territories that neighbor each other and will sometimes share habitats with each other. They can live for up to ten years and because of this relatively long lifespan, they are sometimes subject to inbreeding and producing malformed offspring.
Sand lizards are small colorful lizards found in Europe and in parts of Asia. Their coloration varies across their European and Russian range. In northwest Europe, both the males and the females have lateral and dorsal strips of ocellated (eye-shaped) markings, dark patches with pale centers. Males have finer markings than females, and their flanks turn bright green during the spring mating season, fading again in the late summer.
Sand lizards are distributed across most of Europe and eastwards to Mongolia and northwest China. They live in a wide range of habitat types including lowland heathlands and sand dunes, meadows, grasslands, steppes, shrubland, and open woodlands. They also occupy a range of man-made habitats, including railway lines, roadsides, field boundaries, and rural gardens.
Sand lizards are solitary and diurnal creatures; during the day they bask on rocks and at night return into their holes underground. They feed at any time of the day using several hunting methods. They may ambush their prey item as well as chasing it. When they need to protect themselves, these lizards will freeze relying upon their camouflage, or pop-off their tails and bite the predators. During the winter months, Sand lizards hibernate in burrows which they typically dig in sandy soil; in early spring males always emerge first and prepare for the mating season.
Sand lizards are carnivores. They eat various insects but especially spiders, grasshoppers, and crickets.
The breeding season of Sand lizards takes place in spring. After a few weeks from hibernation, males become extremely aggressive towards each other, trying to mate as many females as they can. In late May or early June, females lay eggs in loose sand in a sunny location, leaving them to be incubated by the warmth of the ground. The clutch consists of 6-14 eggs and incubation usually takes between 50-55 days. Upon hatching the young are fully-developed and are able to take care of themselves. Generally, males reach reproductive maturity at a smaller size compared with females
Sand lizards are facing multiple threats including habitat destruction, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation, lack of habitat management, and inappropriate habitat management. Many lizards are killed on roads or suffer disturbance from humans.
The IUCN Red List and other sources don’t provide the number of the Sand lizard total population size. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List but its numbers today are decreasing.
