Totuava
The totoaba or totuava (Totoaba macdonaldi) is a species of marine fish, a very large member of the drum family Sciaenidae that is endemic to the Gulf of California in Mexico. It is the only species in the genus Totoaba. Formerly abundant and subject to an intensive fishery, the totoaba has become rare, and is listed by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora under Appendix I. It is also listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as vulnerable, by NatureServe as critically imperiled and under the U.S. Endangered Species Act as endangered.
The totoaba can grow up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and 100 kg (220 lb) in weight, making it the largest species in the drum family, together with the similar-sized Chinese bahaba (Bahaba taipingensis) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius). The totoabas' diet consists of finned fish and crustaceans. Individuals may live up to 15 years, but sexual maturity is usually not reached until the fish are 6–7 years old. As totoabas spawn only once a year, population growth is slow, with a minimum population doubling time of 4.5 to 15 years. The totoaba spawn in the Colorado River Delta, which also serves as a nursery for the young fish.
The totoaba population is found in two distinct groups. Larval and juvenile stages occupy the Colorado delta, while the adult breeding population lives for most of the year in deeper water towards the middle of the Gulf of California. The adult population migrates to the Colorado delta in April and May to spawn. One-year-old totoabas are metabolically most efficient in brackish water of about 20 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity, a level that occurred naturally in the delta before the diversion of water from the river that occurred in the middle of the 20th century.
The diversion of water from the Colorado River within the United States leaves little or no fresh water to reach the delta, greatly altering the environment in the delta, and the salinity of the upper Sea of Cortez. The flow of fresh water to the mouth of the Colorado since the completion of the Hoover and Glen Canyon dams has been only about 4% of the average flow during the period from 1910 to 1920. This is considered to be a major cause of the depletion of the totoaba population. With the loss of the freshwater flow from the river, salinity in the delta is usually 35 ppt or higher.
It has been illegal to catch totoaba since 1975 when it was placed on the Mexican Endangered Species List. In 1976 it was added to CITES Appendix I and in 1979 it was placed on the US Endangered Species List.
On 16 April 2015, Enrique Peña Nieto, the President of Mexico, announced a program of rescue and conservation of the vaquita and the totoaba, including closures and financial support to fishermen in the area. This closure is necessary as they were still caught as a bycatch in the legal fishery for other species. Some commentators believe the measures fall short of what is needed to save the vaquita.
The Chinese trade in totoaba swim bladders has been a primary reason for its decline. Despite being illegal, this trade often happened quite openly and traders reported being warned before checks by Chinese authorities, allowing them to hide the swim bladders. More recently, both Mexican and Chinese authorities have tightened checks and performed raids, resulting in large confiscations and several arrests.
The totoaba is suitable for fish farming due to the relative ease of breeding it in captivity and its high growth rate. Although this mainly is done to supply the food market, tens of thousands of totoaba hatched in captivity have been released into the wild in an attempt to save the species.
